Analysis report about rice in Thailand
Post 1 of 15
Dear Members,
Thailand is the biggest rice exporter in the world. Thai government has implemented practical policy, very strict standard, systematical quality control management and flexible exportation rules and regulations.
We need a comprehensive analysis report about Thai rice, including variety (such as Thai White Fragrant Rice, also called Hommali and Jasmine Rice), seed selection, plantation, grading, inspection, exportation, pricing, Thai government polices.
The deadline for this question will be two weeks to ensure the time needed for our valuable participants.
Thank you and good luck,
Moolan ![[em1]](http://img.alibaba.com/images/eng/style/icon/emoticons_smile.gif){kind=icon}
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08 Mar 2007 18:47
Post 2 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:
I really appreciate Moolan's Questions and Discussions about
Commodities like Sugar, Rice ...Apple.....Etc etc......
This study is aims to investigate the rice demand and supply and also the export surplus. The paper is organized in seven chapters. After the introduction in Chapter I, chapter II reviews public policies toward agricultural development in general and rice in particular. Chapter III discusses trends in rice production, consumption, trade and also input use for rice. Importantly, the rice labor productivity and sources of productivity growth will be examined. Chapter IV analyzes the food consumption pattern and the rice consumption demand. Since urbanization plays influential role in determination of rice consumption patterns, the rice demand is disaggregated into rural and urban households. Income and price elasticities of quantity demand will be derived and further employed in the demand prediction. The acreage and yield responses for rice are examined in chapter V. Information obtained from the rice supply response provides important knowledge for estimation of quantity supply elasticities which are very useful for future rice supply prediction. Chapter VI demonstrates potential growths of rice supply and demand under different scenarios. This information is crucial to predict the rice export surplus accurately and very useful for policy recommendation. The last section is conclusion.
THE RICE CYCLE
In "Isaan", Thailand's Rural North Eastern region, the main activity is rice farming. For generations, this region known for its warm and chereful people, has produced the world famous Thai Jasmine Rice. One of the poorest regions of Thailand Isaan still produces most of Thailand's rice crop. This feature documents the whole "Rice Cycle" from ploughing to harvesting in a small village close to Nakon Ratchasima... |
ID int786
I really appreciate Moolan's Questions and Discussions about
Commodities like Sugar, Rice ...Apple.....Etc etc......
This study is aims to investigate the rice demand and supply and also the export surplus. The paper is organized in seven chapters. After the introduction in Chapter I, chapter II reviews public policies toward agricultural development in general and rice in particular. Chapter III discusses trends in rice production, consumption, trade and also input use for rice. Importantly, the rice labor productivity and sources of productivity growth will be examined. Chapter IV analyzes the food consumption pattern and the rice consumption demand. Since urbanization plays influential role in determination of rice consumption patterns, the rice demand is disaggregated into rural and urban households. Income and price elasticities of quantity demand will be derived and further employed in the demand prediction. The acreage and yield responses for rice are examined in chapter V. Information obtained from the rice supply response provides important knowledge for estimation of quantity supply elasticities which are very useful for future rice supply prediction. Chapter VI demonstrates potential growths of rice supply and demand under different scenarios. This information is crucial to predict the rice export surplus accurately and very useful for policy recommendation. The last section is conclusion.
THE RICE CYCLE
In "Isaan", Thailand's Rural North Eastern region, the main activity is rice farming. For generations, this region known for its warm and chereful people, has produced the world famous Thai Jasmine Rice. One of the poorest regions of Thailand Isaan still produces most of Thailand's rice crop. This feature documents the whole "Rice Cycle" from ploughing to harvesting in a small village close to Nakon Ratchasima... |
ID int786
10 Mar 2007 22:54
Post 3 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:Anwers in Various Chapters
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the most important food crop in Thailand. The total area under rice is estimated to be about 11 million ha representing approximately 40 percent of the cropped land area. Rice lands can be classified as irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland ecosystems. More than 80 percent of the rice growing area in Thailand is under rainfed conditions where rice is usually grown only once a year in the wet season, where the monsoon rain is the single source of water supply for rice cultivation. Less than 20 percent of the area is under irrigated conditions where rice can be grown not only in the wet season but also in the dry season because irrigation water supply is available. In the 1997/98 crop year, the wet season rice accounted for 88 percent of the annual rice area and 80 percent of production. Dry season rice accounts for 12 percent of the area and 20 percent of production. Rainfed lowlands account for approximately 75 percent of the wet season rice area, and 68 percent of production. Deepwater and uplands account for a further 1.92 and 0.58 percent of the wet season rice area, and about 1.17 and 0.32 percent of production, respectively. Annual production in 1997/98 crop year was about 23.580 million tonnes. Some 18.789 million tonnes representing approximately 80 percent of the annual production is produced in the wet season when average yield is very low, at around 2.24 t/ha. Only 4.791 million tonnes representing approximately 20 percent of the annual production is produced in the dry season when average yield is relatively high, in the range of about 4.31 t/ha.
The general policy for rice production in Thailand is to produce rice for self-sufficiency and surplus for export to earn foreign exchange. Currently, it aims to produce about 22-23 million tonnes of paddy annually comprising 13-14 million tonnes for domestic consumption and about 8-9 million tonnes of paddy, which is equivalent to 5.5 million tonnes of milled rice, for export. Major production comes from the wet season rice crop with the supplement of the dry season crop.
INTRODUCTION
Rice is the most important food crop in Thailand. The total area under rice is estimated to be about 11 million ha representing approximately 40 percent of the cropped land area. Rice lands can be classified as irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland ecosystems. More than 80 percent of the rice growing area in Thailand is under rainfed conditions where rice is usually grown only once a year in the wet season, where the monsoon rain is the single source of water supply for rice cultivation. Less than 20 percent of the area is under irrigated conditions where rice can be grown not only in the wet season but also in the dry season because irrigation water supply is available. In the 1997/98 crop year, the wet season rice accounted for 88 percent of the annual rice area and 80 percent of production. Dry season rice accounts for 12 percent of the area and 20 percent of production. Rainfed lowlands account for approximately 75 percent of the wet season rice area, and 68 percent of production. Deepwater and uplands account for a further 1.92 and 0.58 percent of the wet season rice area, and about 1.17 and 0.32 percent of production, respectively. Annual production in 1997/98 crop year was about 23.580 million tonnes. Some 18.789 million tonnes representing approximately 80 percent of the annual production is produced in the wet season when average yield is very low, at around 2.24 t/ha. Only 4.791 million tonnes representing approximately 20 percent of the annual production is produced in the dry season when average yield is relatively high, in the range of about 4.31 t/ha.
The general policy for rice production in Thailand is to produce rice for self-sufficiency and surplus for export to earn foreign exchange. Currently, it aims to produce about 22-23 million tonnes of paddy annually comprising 13-14 million tonnes for domestic consumption and about 8-9 million tonnes of paddy, which is equivalent to 5.5 million tonnes of milled rice, for export. Major production comes from the wet season rice crop with the supplement of the dry season crop.
10 Mar 2007 23:33
Post 4 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:CHAPER III
2. STATUS OF RICE CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGIES
2.1 National Rice Production Status
The area planted to rice in Thailand showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1980s with approximately 2 percent growth rate, which leveled off in the 1990s. The annual rice cultivated area in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was about 6.698, 8.468, 9.932, and 9.865 million ha, respectively. Average yield and total production showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 1.70 and 3.01 percent growth rate, due mainly to an increase in irrigated and dry season rice production. Average yield in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was about 1.57, 1.91, 2.02, and 2.28 t/ha with annual production of about 9.942, 14.625, 19.090, and 20.62 million tonnes, respectively.
The wet season rice growing area in Thailand showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1980s with approximately 2.2 percent growth rate, and tended to decrease in the 1990s. The average wet season rice cultivated area in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 6.698, 8.171, 9.212, and 9.077 million ha, respectively. The wet season rice yield showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 1.25 percent growth rate. The average wet season rice yield in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 1.57, 1.71, 1.90, and 2.07 t/ha, respectively. The wet season rice production showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 3 percent growth during the 1960s-1980s and 1.5 percent in the 1990s. The average wet season rice production in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 9.942, 13.678, 16.693, and 17.370 million tonnes, respectively.
The extensive dry season rice production programme in Thailand began in the 1970s. Cultivated area, yield and production of dry season rice exhibited an increasing trend. In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s the area planted to dry season rice was 0.371, 0.678, and 0.781 million ha, with average yields of 3.31, 3.61, and 4.23 t/ha, resulting in dry season rice production of 1.417, 2.397, and 3.291 million tonnes, respectively.
2. STATUS OF RICE CULTIVATION IN DIFFERENT ECOLOGIES
2.1 National Rice Production Status
The area planted to rice in Thailand showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1980s with approximately 2 percent growth rate, which leveled off in the 1990s. The annual rice cultivated area in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was about 6.698, 8.468, 9.932, and 9.865 million ha, respectively. Average yield and total production showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 1.70 and 3.01 percent growth rate, due mainly to an increase in irrigated and dry season rice production. Average yield in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was about 1.57, 1.91, 2.02, and 2.28 t/ha with annual production of about 9.942, 14.625, 19.090, and 20.62 million tonnes, respectively.
The wet season rice growing area in Thailand showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1980s with approximately 2.2 percent growth rate, and tended to decrease in the 1990s. The average wet season rice cultivated area in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 6.698, 8.171, 9.212, and 9.077 million ha, respectively. The wet season rice yield showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 1.25 percent growth rate. The average wet season rice yield in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 1.57, 1.71, 1.90, and 2.07 t/ha, respectively. The wet season rice production showed an increasing trend from the 1960s to the 1990s with approximately 3 percent growth during the 1960s-1980s and 1.5 percent in the 1990s. The average wet season rice production in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was 9.942, 13.678, 16.693, and 17.370 million tonnes, respectively.
The extensive dry season rice production programme in Thailand began in the 1970s. Cultivated area, yield and production of dry season rice exhibited an increasing trend. In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s the area planted to dry season rice was 0.371, 0.678, and 0.781 million ha, with average yields of 3.31, 3.61, and 4.23 t/ha, resulting in dry season rice production of 1.417, 2.397, and 3.291 million tonnes, respectively.
10 Mar 2007 23:36
Post 5 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:CHAPTER IV
2.2 Area, Production and Yield Trends in Different Ecologies
As mentioned earlier, rice production in Thailand can be classified into 4 ecosystems; irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland. Rainfed lowland is the most predominant rice ecology in Thailand followed by irrigated, deepwater and upland. There is no data available to compare the production classified by different ecologies. In a survey conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, about 96.7, 2.9, and 0.4 percent of rice cultivated areas in the 1987/88 crop year were planted with lowland, deepwater, and upland rice varieties (Rice Research Institute, 1993) where about 15 percent of lowland areas were irrigated. IRRI (1993) reported that the area under rainfed lowland, irrigated, flood prone, and upland ecosystems in Thailand for the 1991/92 crop year was 8.756, 0.720, 0.660, and 0.053 million ha representing 78.6, 14.4, 6.6, and 0.4 percent of the total rice area, respectively. During the 1991/92 cropping year, the yield contribution to the total rice production of the country from rainfed lowland, irrigated, deepwater, and upland ecosystems was 15.760, 2.880, 1.320, and 0.080 million tonnes, or 78.7, 14.4, 6.5, and 0.4 percent of the total rice production, respectively. Average yield was highest in irrigated, followed by flood prone, rainfed lowland, and upland ecosystems, at about 4.0, 2.0, 1.8, and 1.5 t/ha, respectively (IRRI, 1993). There was no significant change in the area under the rainfed lowland environment, but the area under irrigation increased while areas under deepwater and upland ecosystems decreased significantly during the past two decades (Table 1).
Table 1. Estimated Harvested Area, Yield, and Rice Production in Thailand in 1977/78 and 1997/98 Crop year by Ecologies
Ecologies Area (million ha) Yield (t/ha) Production(million tonnes)
1977/78 1997/98 1977/78 1997/98 1977/78 1997/98
Wet Season
Irrigated 0.705 1.905 3.01 3.55 2.120 6.761
Rainfed lowland 6.474 6.223 1.30 1.87 8.420 11.632
Deepwater 0.810 0.160 1.78 1.95 1.442 0.312
Upland 0.300 0.048 1.31 1.75 0.393 0.084
Wet Season Rice 8.289 8.336 1.49 2.25 12.375 18.789
Dry Season
Irrigated 0.461 1.112 3.45 4.31 1.586 4.791
Dry Season Rice 0.461 1.112 3.45 4.31 1.586 4.791
Annual 8.750 9.448 1.59 2.50 13.921 23.580
2.2 Area, Production and Yield Trends in Different Ecologies
As mentioned earlier, rice production in Thailand can be classified into 4 ecosystems; irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland. Rainfed lowland is the most predominant rice ecology in Thailand followed by irrigated, deepwater and upland. There is no data available to compare the production classified by different ecologies. In a survey conducted by the Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, about 96.7, 2.9, and 0.4 percent of rice cultivated areas in the 1987/88 crop year were planted with lowland, deepwater, and upland rice varieties (Rice Research Institute, 1993) where about 15 percent of lowland areas were irrigated. IRRI (1993) reported that the area under rainfed lowland, irrigated, flood prone, and upland ecosystems in Thailand for the 1991/92 crop year was 8.756, 0.720, 0.660, and 0.053 million ha representing 78.6, 14.4, 6.6, and 0.4 percent of the total rice area, respectively. During the 1991/92 cropping year, the yield contribution to the total rice production of the country from rainfed lowland, irrigated, deepwater, and upland ecosystems was 15.760, 2.880, 1.320, and 0.080 million tonnes, or 78.7, 14.4, 6.5, and 0.4 percent of the total rice production, respectively. Average yield was highest in irrigated, followed by flood prone, rainfed lowland, and upland ecosystems, at about 4.0, 2.0, 1.8, and 1.5 t/ha, respectively (IRRI, 1993). There was no significant change in the area under the rainfed lowland environment, but the area under irrigation increased while areas under deepwater and upland ecosystems decreased significantly during the past two decades (Table 1).
Table 1. Estimated Harvested Area, Yield, and Rice Production in Thailand in 1977/78 and 1997/98 Crop year by Ecologies
Ecologies Area (million ha) Yield (t/ha) Production(million tonnes)
1977/78 1997/98 1977/78 1997/98 1977/78 1997/98
Wet Season
Irrigated 0.705 1.905 3.01 3.55 2.120 6.761
Rainfed lowland 6.474 6.223 1.30 1.87 8.420 11.632
Deepwater 0.810 0.160 1.78 1.95 1.442 0.312
Upland 0.300 0.048 1.31 1.75 0.393 0.084
Wet Season Rice 8.289 8.336 1.49 2.25 12.375 18.789
Dry Season
Irrigated 0.461 1.112 3.45 4.31 1.586 4.791
Dry Season Rice 0.461 1.112 3.45 4.31 1.586 4.791
Annual 8.750 9.448 1.59 2.50 13.921 23.580
10 Mar 2007 23:39
Post 6 of 15
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Rice is the most important crop in Thailand. The total area under rice is estimated to be about 11 million ha, representing approximately 40 percent of the cropped land area. Rice lands can be classified as irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland ecosystems. The average rice yield in Thailand is relatively low, often less than 2 t/ha. Several attempts have been made to improve rice yield in the past two decades through varietal and agronomic improvement and the development of water resources for rice production. Yield improvement through these efforts was small and needed to be further enhanced.
Rainfed lowlands and irrigated areas are the most important rice production ecosystems in Thailand. In the 1997/98 crop year, rainfed lowlands accounted for 66 percent of the area and 49 percent of production while irrigated rice accounted for 32 percent of the area and 49 percent of production. The area under deepwater and upland ecologies are very minor and contribute very little to national rice production. Yield gaps in rainfed lowlands and irrigated ecologies are high.
Rice production in the rainfed lowland environment being dependent on rainfed conditions, is very susceptible to climatic variability which results in low yields. Major production constraints are related to poor paddy field infrastructure and unfavourable environmental factors such as rainfall variability, drought, submergence, and inherent low soil fertility. To narrow the yield gap in rainfed lowland environments, improvement of farm infrastructure such as land leveling, irrigation and drainage facilities modifications, and farm road construction should be done before the introduction of improved production technologies. Technology components to improve rice yield in the rainfed ecosystem are the adoption of improved varieties, use of healthy and good seed, appropriate field preparation and planting methods, optimum planting date and proper crop management, soil fertility improvement and correct fertilizer application, good water control, integrated crop protection, proper harvesting date, and post-harvest technologies.
In irrigated ecosystems where most environmental factors are favourable for rice growth, development and production, narrowing the rice yield gap in these ecosystems should be done through the application of good agricultural practices for rice production during all growth phases. The development of HYVs will contribute greatly in narrowing the yield gap in irrigated environments. Hybrid rice with acceptable grain quality is also possible. The utilization of good and healthy seed can play an important role in increasing rice yield. Good land preparation with an appropriate planting method such as the wet seeded rice cultivation method will guarantee good crop stand establishment. Water management and correct fertilizer application for proper crop growth and development at all growth stages and high production are also needed in narrowing the yield gap. Adoption of integrated crop protection technologies to control pests and weeds can significantly increase rice yield in irrigated ecosystems. Harvesting the crop at about 30 days after seed-set and reducing grain moisture to about 14 percent can further reduce yield losses and maintain good grain quality, especially in dry season rice cropping.
ID int786
Rice is the most important crop in Thailand. The total area under rice is estimated to be about 11 million ha, representing approximately 40 percent of the cropped land area. Rice lands can be classified as irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, and upland ecosystems. The average rice yield in Thailand is relatively low, often less than 2 t/ha. Several attempts have been made to improve rice yield in the past two decades through varietal and agronomic improvement and the development of water resources for rice production. Yield improvement through these efforts was small and needed to be further enhanced.
Rainfed lowlands and irrigated areas are the most important rice production ecosystems in Thailand. In the 1997/98 crop year, rainfed lowlands accounted for 66 percent of the area and 49 percent of production while irrigated rice accounted for 32 percent of the area and 49 percent of production. The area under deepwater and upland ecologies are very minor and contribute very little to national rice production. Yield gaps in rainfed lowlands and irrigated ecologies are high.
Rice production in the rainfed lowland environment being dependent on rainfed conditions, is very susceptible to climatic variability which results in low yields. Major production constraints are related to poor paddy field infrastructure and unfavourable environmental factors such as rainfall variability, drought, submergence, and inherent low soil fertility. To narrow the yield gap in rainfed lowland environments, improvement of farm infrastructure such as land leveling, irrigation and drainage facilities modifications, and farm road construction should be done before the introduction of improved production technologies. Technology components to improve rice yield in the rainfed ecosystem are the adoption of improved varieties, use of healthy and good seed, appropriate field preparation and planting methods, optimum planting date and proper crop management, soil fertility improvement and correct fertilizer application, good water control, integrated crop protection, proper harvesting date, and post-harvest technologies.
In irrigated ecosystems where most environmental factors are favourable for rice growth, development and production, narrowing the rice yield gap in these ecosystems should be done through the application of good agricultural practices for rice production during all growth phases. The development of HYVs will contribute greatly in narrowing the yield gap in irrigated environments. Hybrid rice with acceptable grain quality is also possible. The utilization of good and healthy seed can play an important role in increasing rice yield. Good land preparation with an appropriate planting method such as the wet seeded rice cultivation method will guarantee good crop stand establishment. Water management and correct fertilizer application for proper crop growth and development at all growth stages and high production are also needed in narrowing the yield gap. Adoption of integrated crop protection technologies to control pests and weeds can significantly increase rice yield in irrigated ecosystems. Harvesting the crop at about 30 days after seed-set and reducing grain moisture to about 14 percent can further reduce yield losses and maintain good grain quality, especially in dry season rice cropping.
ID int786
10 Mar 2007 23:53
Post 7 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:
REFERENCES
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1979. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1978/79. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 172p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1987. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1986/87. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 264p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1998. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1996/97. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 309p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1999a. Report on 1997/98 crop year wet season rice production survey. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 130p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1999b. Report on 1997/98 crop year dry season rice production survey. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 112p.
Division of Agricultural Economics. 1970. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand 1967. Office of the Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. 194p.
Division of Agricultural Economics. 1977. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1976/77. Office of the Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. 246p.
IRRI - The International Rice Research Institute. 1993. IRRI Rice Almanac. IRRI, P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines. 142p.
Kongchantuk, K. 1972. Floating Rice. Rice Division, Department of Agriculture. 15p.
Rice Research Institute. 1987a. Progress Report of Rainfed rice improvement research and development project (1983-1985). Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 158p.
Rice Research Institute. 1987b. Final Report of Upland rice project (1982-1986). Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 71p.
Rice Research Institute. 1993. Distribution and farmers utilization of rice seed. Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 93p.
Molle, F. and Keawkulaya, J. 1998. Water management and agricultural changes: A case study in the Chao Phraya delta. Southeast Asian Studies 36(1):32-58.
Srisen, M., Chantanaparp, N., Sorayasakul, A., Saengtong, P. and Subsorn, K. 1979. Chemistry and fertility of paddy soils. In: Chemistry and soil fertility No 7. Chemistry and Soil Fertility Research section, Division of Agricultural Chemistry. Department of Agriculture.
Tawng-Aram, D. 1986. Agricultural irrigation in Thailand. Planning and Special Project Division. Department of Agricultural Extension. 194p.
REFERENCES
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1979. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1978/79. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 172p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1987. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1986/87. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 264p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1998. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1996/97. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 309p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1999a. Report on 1997/98 crop year wet season rice production survey. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 130p.
Centre for Agricultural Statistics. 1999b. Report on 1997/98 crop year dry season rice production survey. Office of Agricultural Economics, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok, Thailand. 112p.
Division of Agricultural Economics. 1970. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand 1967. Office of the Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. 194p.
Division of Agricultural Economics. 1977. Agricultural Statistics of Thailand Crop Year 1976/77. Office of the Under-Secretary of State, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand. 246p.
IRRI - The International Rice Research Institute. 1993. IRRI Rice Almanac. IRRI, P.O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines. 142p.
Kongchantuk, K. 1972. Floating Rice. Rice Division, Department of Agriculture. 15p.
Rice Research Institute. 1987a. Progress Report of Rainfed rice improvement research and development project (1983-1985). Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 158p.
Rice Research Institute. 1987b. Final Report of Upland rice project (1982-1986). Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 71p.
Rice Research Institute. 1993. Distribution and farmers utilization of rice seed. Monitoring and Evaluation Section, Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture. 93p.
Molle, F. and Keawkulaya, J. 1998. Water management and agricultural changes: A case study in the Chao Phraya delta. Southeast Asian Studies 36(1):32-58.
Srisen, M., Chantanaparp, N., Sorayasakul, A., Saengtong, P. and Subsorn, K. 1979. Chemistry and fertility of paddy soils. In: Chemistry and soil fertility No 7. Chemistry and Soil Fertility Research section, Division of Agricultural Chemistry. Department of Agriculture.
Tawng-Aram, D. 1986. Agricultural irrigation in Thailand. Planning and Special Project Division. Department of Agricultural Extension. 194p.
10 Mar 2007 23:58
Post 8 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:
![By - Usama El Kady]()
In Thailand, rice takes many actions for Thai people. It is the main food for 64.24 million people. It is not only been eaten but also reversed to ceremony as part of culture. It has engaged a large amount of country income, about 1700 to 1900 million US dollars in each year and, involving more than 4 million households.
Thailand is competing keenly with competitors in the worlds low quality rice market, facing stiff competition from producers in Vietnam and India who enjoy lower production costs. It is expected that Thailands share of this market will gradually erode. The market for high quality rice, where Thailand has captured 25 % of the global market, is expected to remain strong with continued demand from markets in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Singapore, the USA, the EU, the Middle East and China (in certain years).
The government of Thailand is active in nurturing the rice industry in the country. The Foreign Trade Department actively procures contracts for government-to-government sales of rice, not to exceed 500,000 tonnes a year. Programs run through the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives support the paddy market and farmers through pledging acceptance of product, granting credits, collection of product along with paddy market intervention.
The Export-Import Bank of Thailand is also active in providing financial assistance to traders of paddy, along with rice exporters.
kinds of Thai rice :
- white rice : 100% , 5% , 10% , 15% BROKEN
- jasmine rice
- Long Grain White rice
- fragrant rice
- Parboiled rice
- Bonnet rice
In Thailand, rice takes many actions for Thai people. It is the main food for 64.24 million people. It is not only been eaten but also reversed to ceremony as part of culture. It has engaged a large amount of country income, about 1700 to 1900 million US dollars in each year and, involving more than 4 million households.
Thailand is competing keenly with competitors in the worlds low quality rice market, facing stiff competition from producers in Vietnam and India who enjoy lower production costs. It is expected that Thailands share of this market will gradually erode. The market for high quality rice, where Thailand has captured 25 % of the global market, is expected to remain strong with continued demand from markets in Malaysia, Hong Kong, Singapore, the USA, the EU, the Middle East and China (in certain years).
The government of Thailand is active in nurturing the rice industry in the country. The Foreign Trade Department actively procures contracts for government-to-government sales of rice, not to exceed 500,000 tonnes a year. Programs run through the Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives support the paddy market and farmers through pledging acceptance of product, granting credits, collection of product along with paddy market intervention.
The Export-Import Bank of Thailand is also active in providing financial assistance to traders of paddy, along with rice exporters.
kinds of Thai rice :
- white rice : 100% , 5% , 10% , 15% BROKEN
- jasmine rice
- Long Grain White rice
- fragrant rice
- Parboiled rice
- Bonnet rice
12 Mar 2007 15:11
Post 9 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:
Thailands rice production 2003/2004
Main and second rice crops:
Planted area 26.2 million acres
Paddy production 25.75 million tonnes
Rice export target 7.3 million tonnes
Main rice crop:
Planted area 23.0 million acres
Paddy production 19.5 million tonnes
Second rice crop:
Planted area 3.2 million acres
Paddy production 6.25 million tonnes
Last year has seen the highest export volume of 7.58 million metric tonnes (MT). The total world market for rice is about 26-27 MT. With this market demand, Thailand has a market share of around 25%. At least 50% of Thai exported rice is 100% high-grade quality, long grain rice.
Although, Thailand has been the world number one rice exporter for more than a decade, Thai rice growers are still in the lower income class and very poor. Specially, more than 4 million rice growing households or 16 million of Thai people are destitute. The total income from rice cultivation is low and sometimes growers face natural disasters, both floods and droughts.
Growers in Thailand have an average land per household of around 4 acres in the North-East and 12 acres in the central plains. Income per family with four people is US$ 523 per year in the North-East of Thailand, reaching US$ 718 if a second rice crop is cultivated.
After China joined WTO (World Trade Organization), Thailand expected to export more fragrant rice to China and hoped to reach a quantity of 500 000 tonnes.
Thai fragrant rice (Thai Hom Mali Rice), for instance, is the premium long grain rice. At the price of 500-550 US$/MT - FOB
Sources : http://www.thailand.com/exports/html/industry_rice.htm
http://www.alibaba.com/productsearch/Thai_Rice.html - 67k
www.fao.org/rice2004/en/pdf/pramote.pdf
www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0033e/a0033e0g.htm - 41k
Thailands rice production 2003/2004
Main and second rice crops:
Planted area 26.2 million acres
Paddy production 25.75 million tonnes
Rice export target 7.3 million tonnes
Main rice crop:
Planted area 23.0 million acres
Paddy production 19.5 million tonnes
Second rice crop:
Planted area 3.2 million acres
Paddy production 6.25 million tonnes
Last year has seen the highest export volume of 7.58 million metric tonnes (MT). The total world market for rice is about 26-27 MT. With this market demand, Thailand has a market share of around 25%. At least 50% of Thai exported rice is 100% high-grade quality, long grain rice.
Although, Thailand has been the world number one rice exporter for more than a decade, Thai rice growers are still in the lower income class and very poor. Specially, more than 4 million rice growing households or 16 million of Thai people are destitute. The total income from rice cultivation is low and sometimes growers face natural disasters, both floods and droughts.
Growers in Thailand have an average land per household of around 4 acres in the North-East and 12 acres in the central plains. Income per family with four people is US$ 523 per year in the North-East of Thailand, reaching US$ 718 if a second rice crop is cultivated.
After China joined WTO (World Trade Organization), Thailand expected to export more fragrant rice to China and hoped to reach a quantity of 500 000 tonnes.
Thai fragrant rice (Thai Hom Mali Rice), for instance, is the premium long grain rice. At the price of 500-550 US$/MT - FOB
Sources : http://www.thailand.com/exports/html/industry_rice.htm
http://www.alibaba.com/productsearch/Thai_Rice.html - 67k
www.fao.org/rice2004/en/pdf/pramote.pdf
www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0033e/a0033e0g.htm - 41k
12 Mar 2007 15:24
Post 10 of 15
Dear int 786 and Usama El Kady,
Thank you for your contribution.
Int 786 explored deep on Thai rice plantation and ecology whereas Usama El Kady provided more info in different areas regarding Thai rice.
Congratulate Usama El Kady!
Moolan
21 Mar 2007 11:18
Post 11 of 15
Replying to [Moolan99]:![[em10]](http://img.alibaba.com/images/eng/style/icon/emoticons_silly.gif)
But hpw many projects of rice husk available for electricity generation and reduce emissions of CO2 are now?
But hpw many projects of rice husk available for electricity generation and reduce emissions of CO2 are now?
22 Apr 2007 08:16